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The 1999 Pakistani coup d'état was a bloodless coup d'état in which the Pakistan Army and then Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Pervez Musharraf, overthrew elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and his existing elected government, on 12 October 1999. Two days later, on 14 October 1999, Musharraf declared a state of emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order.〔 The coup occurred due to simmering tensions between Nawaz Sharif and General Musharraf, Sharif attempted to sack Musharraf, who was in Sri Lanka, the entire military high command refused to follow the orders of newly appointed Ziauddin Butt, who himself was the chief of the powerful ISI, while Musharraf was flying back from Sri Lanka, the Corps commander had decided to defend Musharraf, and launched a coup to pre-empt Pakistani spymaster Ziauddin Butt taking control of the army. The pace of the coup, startled observers, within 17 hours, from the attempt to sack Pervez Musharraf by Nawaz Sharif, the Corps commanders took over all key state buildings throughout the country, placed the entire cabinet including the Prime Minister and his powerful brother under house arrest, took over the state broadcaster and the entire critical infrastructure, including communications, suspended the constitution, arrested Nawaz Sharif and Ziauddin Butt, and announced that Nawaz Sharif had been dismissed.〔http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6960670.stm〕 The Supreme Court of Pakistan declared the coup to be legal, but ordered that the army rule be limited to three years. Consequently, Musharraf held a national referendum on allowing himself to continue his rule, on 30 April 2002. The referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, to be fraudulent.〔〔 ==The coup== After the Kargil War, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was already on bad terms with Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf. Sharif assigned blame for the political and military disaster on Musharraf, and Musharraf placed the blame on Sharif. On 12 October 1999, Sharif dismissed Musharraf and nominated the ISI Director-General, Lt Gen Ziauddin Butt, in his place. Musharraf, who was, at that time, on an official visit to Sri Lanka, immediately boarded a commercial airliner back to Pakistan. Also on board were Major-General Tariq Majid and Brigadier-General Nadeem Taj. In an attempt to thwart Musharraf's return to Karachi, Pakistan, Sharif first ordered the plane to be diverted to India and then Nawabshah. When this failed, Sharif ordered the Karachi airport to refuse to allow the plane to land; the airport used civil aviation planes to block the runway. The Pakistan Army, under directions from Lieutenant General Muzaffar Usmani, seized the control tower and allowed the plane to land. After this, troops took control of the state-run television station in Islamabad, encircled the Prime Minister House, gained control of international airports, and cut international phone lines.〔Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |(Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 181-182 () ISBN 9780674728936〕 On 14 October 1999, Musharraf declared a state of emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order. These designated Musharraf as Chief Executive, suspended the Parliament and the provincial assemblies of the four provinces, and suspended the Constitution, although they left Muhammad Rafiq Tarar in office as President. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1999 Pakistani coup d'état」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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